Bill Text: NY S01120 | 2023-2024 | General Assembly | Introduced
Bill Title: Relates to the justified use of physical force; removes requirement that a person facing an imminent physical threat must retreat; provides immunity from civil and criminal liability.
Spectrum: Partisan Bill (Republican 6-0)
Status: (Introduced) 2024-01-03 - REFERRED TO CODES [S01120 Detail]
Download: New_York-2023-S01120-Introduced.html
STATE OF NEW YORK ________________________________________________________________________ 1120 2023-2024 Regular Sessions IN SENATE January 10, 2023 ___________ Introduced by Sens. BORRELLO, HELMING, O'MARA, ORTT, STEC -- read twice and ordered printed, and when printed to be committed to the Committee on Codes AN ACT to amend the penal law, the criminal procedure law and the civil practice law and rules, in relation to the justified use of physical force The People of the State of New York, represented in Senate and Assem- bly, do enact as follows: 1 Section 1. Section 35.15 of the penal law, as added by chapter 73 of 2 the laws of 1968, subdivisions 1 and 2 as amended by chapter 511 of the 3 laws of 2004, is amended to read as follows: 4 § 35.15 Justification; use of physical force in defense of a person. 5 1. A person may, subject to the provisions of subdivision two of this 6 section, use physical force upon another person when and to the extent 7 he or she reasonably believes such to be necessary to defend himself, 8 herself or a third person from what he or she reasonably believes to be 9 the use or imminent use of unlawful physical force by such other person, 10 unless: 11 (a) The latter's conduct was provoked by the actor with intent to 12 cause physical injury to another person; or 13 (b) The actor was the initial aggressor; except that in such case the 14 use of physical force is nevertheless justifiable if the actor has with- 15 drawn from the encounter and effectively communicated such withdrawal to 16 such other person but the latter persists in continuing the incident by 17 the use or threatened imminent use of unlawful physical force; or 18 (c) The physical force involved is the product of a combat by agree- 19 ment not specifically authorized by law. 20 2. A person may not use deadly physical force upon another person 21 under circumstances specified in subdivision one of this section unless: 22 (a) The actor reasonably believes that such other person is using or 23 about to use deadly physical force. [Even in such case, however, theEXPLANATION--Matter in italics (underscored) is new; matter in brackets [] is old law to be omitted. LBD03978-01-3S. 1120 2 1actor may not use deadly physical force if he or she knows that with2complete personal safety, to oneself and others he or she may avoid the3necessity of so doing by retreating; except that the] The actor is under 4 no duty to retreat if he or she is: 5 (i) in his or her dwelling or any other place that he or she is 6 lawfully permitted to be and is not the initial aggressor; or 7 (ii) a police officer or peace officer or a person assisting a police 8 officer or a peace officer at the latter's direction, acting pursuant to 9 section 35.30 of this article; or 10 (b) He or she reasonably believes that such other person is committing 11 or attempting to commit a kidnapping, forcible rape, forcible criminal 12 sexual act or robbery; or 13 (c) He or she reasonably believes that such other person is committing 14 or attempting to commit a burglary, and the circumstances are such that 15 the use of deadly physical force is authorized by subdivision three of 16 section 35.20 of this article. 17 § 2. Section 35.05 of the penal law is amended by adding a new subdi- 18 vision 3 to read as follows: 19 3. When a defendant has offered the defense of justification for the 20 threatened or actual use of deadly force, the court shall instruct the 21 jury that they shall not be permitted to consider the possibility of 22 retreat as a factor in determining whether a person who threatened or 23 used deadly force reasonably believed that the force was necessary to 24 prevent death or serious bodily injury to himself or another. 25 § 3. Section 35.10 of the penal law is amended by adding a new subdi- 26 vision 7 to read as follows: 27 7. A person who is justified in threatening or using physical force 28 against another person in defense of himself, herself, another person, 29 or property pursuant to this section is immune from criminal and civil 30 liability for any damages incurred by the aggressor pursuant to the 31 application of reasonable physical force or threatened use of force. 32 § 4. Subdivision 1 of section 120.14 of the penal law, as amended by 33 chapter 222 of the laws of 1994, is amended to read as follows: 34 1. He or she intentionally places or attempts to place another person 35 in reasonable fear of physical injury, serious physical injury or death 36 by displaying a deadly weapon, dangerous instrument or what appears to 37 be a pistol, revolver, rifle, shotgun, machine gun or other firearm; 38 provided, however, that where a person is justified in the use of phys- 39 ical force upon another person in self-defense or defense of a third 40 person, or in defense of premises under the provisions of article thir- 41 ty-five of this chapter, such person shall not be liable under the 42 provisions of this subdivision; or 43 § 5. Section 140.10 of the criminal procedure law is amended by adding 44 a new subdivision 4 to read as follows: 45 4. No person shall be arrested pursuant to this section for a use of 46 force, unless the police officer believes that there is probable cause 47 to find that the use of force was not justifiable under article thirty- 48 five of the penal law. 49 § 6. Section 180.10 of the criminal procedure law is amended by adding 50 a new subdivision 8 to read as follows: 51 8. Upon arraignment, if a defendant offers the defense of justifica- 52 tion to any allegation involving the use of physical force, including 53 deadly physical force, the court shall dismiss the charges unless the 54 court determines by clear and convincing evidence that the use of such 55 physical force by the defendant was not reasonable or justified.S. 1120 3 1 § 7. Rule 3211 of the civil practice law and rules is amended by 2 adding a new subdivision (i) to read as follows: 3 (i) (1) Motion to dismiss; use of force; justification. A party may 4 move to dismiss a cause of action on the basis that the moving party 5 used reasonable force under section 35.15 of the penal law. Upon filing 6 a motion to dismiss, the court shall hold a hearing prior to trial and 7 shall grant such motion unless the party responding to the motion proves 8 by clear and convincing evidence that the use of force was not reason- 9 able or justified. 10 (2) The court shall award reasonable attorney fees, court costs, 11 compensation for any loss of income and all other expenses incurred by a 12 person in defense of any civil action arising from the person's use of 13 reasonable force pursuant to section 35.15 of the penal law if the court 14 finds that the defendant's actions were justified and dismisses the case 15 under this subdivision. 16 § 8. The civil practice law and rules is amended by adding a new 17 section 3012-c to read as follows: 18 § 3012-c. Certificate of merit in certain actions to recover damages 19 for personal injury, injury to property or wrongful death. (a) In any 20 action to recover damages for personal injury, injury to property or 21 wrongful death brought by an individual who committed a crime against 22 the respondent, where the injuries complained of resulted from a use of 23 physical force or deadly physical force by the respondent at the time of 24 the commission of the crime, the complaint shall be accompanied by a 25 certificate, signed by the attorney for the plaintiff, certifying that 26 the attorney has reviewed the facts of the case and that, to the best of 27 such attorney's knowledge, information and belief there is a reasonable 28 basis for the commencement of such action and that the respondent was 29 not justified in the use of physical force or deadly physical force 30 against the plaintiff. 31 (b) Where a certificate is required pursuant to this section, a single 32 certificate shall be filed for each action even if more than one defend- 33 ant has been named in the complaint or is subsequently named. 34 (c) If the attorney for the plaintiff fails to provide the certificate 35 as required by subdivision (a) of this section the court may dismiss the 36 complaint or make such final or conditional order with regard to such 37 failure as is just including but not limited to denial of the accrual of 38 any interest, costs, attorneys' fees and other fees, relating to the 39 underlying mortgage debt. Any such dismissal shall be without prejudice 40 and shall not be on the merits. 41 § 9. This act shall take effect immediately; provided however, that 42 section five of this act shall take effect upon the repeal of subdivi- 43 sion 4 of section 140.10 of the criminal procedure law pursuant to 44 section 59 of chapter 222 of the laws of 1994, as amended.
